The field of economics often engages with theories that attempt to explain the intricacies of economic growth and stability. A notable contribution comes from the work of economists Harold and Domar, who proposed a framework linking economic growth rates closely to savings rates and capital-output ratios. Their theory highlights the difficulty of aligning three crucial growth rates: the actual growth rate, which reflects the current economic condition; the guaranteed growth rate, dependent upon the collective willingness of investors to deploy capital; and the natural growth rate, which is essential for achieving full employment. The challenge lies in the alignment of these rates, making the economic growth process a tumultuous journey marked by fluctuations. Understanding this dynamic is crucial for any nation aspiring to maintain a stable economy.

Central to the confidence of investors is the collective willingness to invest, which often hinges on their expectations and the overall economic climate. One of the first signs of recovery in an economic cycle is typically reflected in the stock market's performance. A rising stock market can spark renewed confidence among investors, prompting them to increase their investment activities. Additionally, the stability of the real estate market plays a significant role, given its far-reaching impact on the economy. For instance, economist Burns noted that housing is often insensitively affected by short-term economic volatility. A surplus in housing supply can take considerable time to surface, leading investors to overlook risks during times of prosperity. Such delayed responses can have negative repercussions for macroeconomic stability. The key to stabilizing the real estate sector, therefore, lies in bolstering demand, influenced significantly by factors such as net population growth rates.

Historical examples demonstrate the correlation between population influx and real estate booms. Consider the period from the 19th century to the early 20th century in the United States, which saw a real estate flourish coinciding with the arrival of large numbers of European immigrants. Similarly, China's real estate market between 2002 and 2022 experienced significant growth parallel to rampant population increases in its major cities. In stark contrast, Japan faced a housing market collapse in 1991, leading to a prolonged economic slump of 30 years. This downturn was compounded by declining birth rates and an aging population, which ultimately diminished housing demand, creating a negative feedback loop. Hence, to stabilize China's real estate market, focus should be directed toward sustaining housing demand, which could include strategies aimed at increasing the national birth rate.

Moreover, investor confidence and positive expectations can also be stimulated through new consumer demands, expanding export markets, and breakthroughs in key technologies. When several positive developments coalesce, investor collective willingness to commit capital tends to rise, which subsequently increases the investment rate. The concept of herd behavior often emerges in these contexts; thus, elevating the investment willingness of market leaders—whose influence can guide the actions of others—is crucial. Such leaders can be powerful enterprises, prominent individuals, or influential public entities. In the case of China, increasingly optimistic signals for sustained economic health have become apparent, demonstrated through surging sales in sectors like electric vehicles and advancements in technologies like DeepSeek, both of which bolster the country's overall economic resilience.

Achieving a robust natural growth rate fundamentally correlates with attaining full employment. The essence of Keynesian economics rests on stabilizing employment as a means to ensure sustainable economic growth. Contrastingly, Milton Friedman, a prominent anti-Keynesian figure, notwithstanding his opposition to government interventions, acknowledged that the most vital welfare a government can offer is indeed employment. One of the central indicators reflecting economic fluctuations is employment rates; hence achieving full employment depends fundamentally on expanding investment demand. In this context, the natural growth rate can be seen as subordinate to the guaranteed growth rate. According to the Harold-Domar model, capital accumulation and investment remain central to economic growth. A critical assumption of this theory is the notion that savings should automatically convert into investments; however, this is not always the case, as at times savings fail to translate into productive investments.

Diving into historical precedents, the US economy of the 1980s serves as a telling case regarding the determinants of economic growth. A crucial takeaway from this era is the importance of consumer purchasing power in addressing overproduction crises. Throughout the 1980s, a positive correlation between GDP growth and consumer expenditure was apparent. Although a nation's overproduction appears to be an aggregate issue, its roots often lie in structural challenges. Consequently, optimizing supply structures and promoting consumption upgrades emerge as vital strategies in maintaining equilibrium between supply and demand. Subsidies could be effectively employed for consumer products with high income elasticity while offering support for goods facing severe oversupply. Furthermore, sustaining broad-based income growth is paramount for ensuring continual consumer activity. The years 1982 to 1986 witnessed stable economic expansion in the United States driven by resilient consumer demand, despite stagnant income growth for residents during that time.

Moreover, the relationship between investment levels and economic growth is equally significant. From 1982 to 1990, there was a striking alignment between the growth rates of non-residential fixed investments and GDP increments. During periods characterized by heightened investment growth, GDP growth followed suit, while contractions in investment growth corresponded with reductions in GDP expansion between 1987 and 1990. Therefore, promoting a balance among actual growth rates, guaranteed growth rates, and natural growth rates is pivotal for stabilizing China's economy. Governmental strategies should aim at synchronizing investment rates, consumption rates, employment levels, and income growth. Embracing the incoming wave of technological revolutions by investing in high-tech industries and facilitating structural upgrades within the economy represents a prudent and necessary direction forward. Although engagement with shifting technologies may lead to employment disruptions in certain sectors, historical patterns indicate that each technological revolution ultimately births new industries and job opportunities. Thus, it becomes critically important for governments to mitigate the impacts on affected workers by offering career retraining programs, creating new employment avenues, and providing transitional social support.